TSHR
小结
TSHR编码蛋白（促甲状腺激素受体）是一种跨膜蛋白，可结合促甲状腺激素和甲状腺激素。TSHR在甲状腺中表达并调节甲状腺细胞的生长和甲状腺激素的释放。它属于G蛋白偶联受体家族。受体的激活导致cAMP水平升高，增加蛋白激酶A活性和核转录因子磷酸化。TSHR还可激活其他途径，包括RAS-MAPK、蛋白激酶C和NFKB通路。TSHR胚系激活突变导致甲亢，而功能丧失突变导致甲状腺功能减退。在甲状腺癌中发现TSHR的激活突变，并与BRAF突变协同作用。
TSHR (thyroid stimulating hormone receptor) is a transmembrane protein that binds thyrotropin and thyrostimulin. TSHR is expressed in the thyroid gland and regulates the growth of thyroid cells and the release of thyroid hormone. It belongs to the family of G-protein coupled receptors. Activation of the receptor results higher cAMP levels, increased Protein Kinase A activity and phosphorylation of nuclear transcription factors such as cAMP regulatory element-binding protein (CREB). TSHR may also activate other pathways including the RAS-MAPK, Protein Kinase C, and NFkB pathways. Germline activating mutations result in hyperthyroidism while loss-of-function mutations lead to hypothyroidism. Activating mutations are found in thyroid carcinomas. TSHR pathway activation has been found to cooperate with BRAF mutations in thyroid tumor initiation.