RAF1是致癌基因，编码蛋白（又称为CRAF）是三种RAF丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶之一，是一种细胞内激酶，其在促分裂原活化蛋白激酶（MAPK）途径中发出信号。RAS介导的信号传导诱导CRAF同二聚体或CRAF / BRAF异二聚体的形成，响应于细胞外刺激，导致MEK和随后的ERK的磷酸化，其是MAPK途径中的信号传导效应子。MAPK信号传导的激活刺激多种细胞功能，例如增殖，分化和迁移。CRAF普遍表达，并且对于几种组织中的正常生理是必需的，尽管与ARAF和BRAF的部分功能重叠。RAF1的胚系系突变与Noonan和LEOPARD综合征相关。RAF1的体细胞突变在不同癌症（包括子宫，胃，结肠直肠和恶性黑素瘤）中以低频率发生。已经显示，RAF1的几种错义突变是致癌的；此外，在不同类型的癌症中发现了罕见的致癌RAF1融合物。CRAF激活的MAPK信号传导也与黑色素瘤中BRAF抑制剂vermurafenib的抗性相关。

RAF1, or CRAF, is one of three RAF serine/threonine kinases that signal in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. In response to extracellular stimuli, RAS-mediated signaling induces the formation of CRAF homodimers or CRAF/BRAF heterodimers leading to phosphorylation of MEK and subsequently ERK, which are signaling effectors in the MAPK pathway. Activation of MAPK signaling stimulates a wide range of cellular functions such as proliferation, differentiation and migration. CRAF is ubiquitously expressed and is necessary for normal physiology in several tissues despite partially overlapping functions with ARAF and BRAF. Somatic mutations in RAF1 occur at a low frequency in different cancers, including uterine, stomach, colorectal and malignant melanoma. Several RAF1 missense mutations have been shown to be oncogenic, leading to increased MAPK signaling and oncogenic transformation in vitro. Additionally, rare oncogenic RAF1 fusions have been found in different types of cancer. CRAF-activated MAPK signaling has also been associated with resistance to the BRAF inhibitor vermurafenib in melanoma.

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