MTOR是致癌基因，编码蛋白是一种丝氨酸-苏氨酸激酶，其协调细胞生长，蛋白质合成和代谢信号传导。MTOR蛋白是一种调节细胞生长和代谢的细胞内激酶。MTOR活性通过两种不同的多蛋白复合物（mTORC1和mTORC2）介导，mTORC1和mTORC2由共同的亚基（mTOR，mLST8，DEPTOR）组成，并由特定的亚基独特地定义。 mTORC1由PRAS40和RAPTOR亚基定义，而mTORC2由RICTOR，mSIN1和PROTOR1 / 2定义。MTOR信号通路的过度激活显著促进了肿瘤的形成和发展。MTOR下游效应分子4E-BP1，S6K和eIF4E过表达会导致癌症预后不良。MTOR基因的错义突变发生在许多肿瘤中：大约6％的透明细胞肾细胞癌，7.5％的肺腺癌，5％的子宫内膜癌和4％的结肠和直肠癌会发生MTOR基因的突变。

The MTOR protein is a serine–threonine kinase that coordinates cell growth, protein synthesis and metabolic signaling. MTOR activity is mediated through two distinct multi-protein complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2 which are composed of common subunits (mTOR, mLST8, DEPTOR)and uniquely defined by specific subunits. mTORC1 is defined by the PRAS40 and RAPTOR subunits, while mTORC2 is defined by RICTOR, mSIN1 and PROTOR1/2. The two best characterized downstream targets of mTORC1, S6K and 4EBP1, dictate the rate of protein synthesis, nutrient response and many additional features required for rapid tumor growth. Consequently, inhibition of mTORC1 has been therapeutically exploited across a variety of malignancies. mTORC2 coordinates with PDK1 to phosphorylate and activate AKT. mTORC2 is known to regulate the actin cytoskeleton, cell cycle progression and cellular survival. Missense mutations of the MTOR gene occur in many tumors, notably in approximately 6% of clear cell renal cell carcinoma, 7.5% of lung adenocarcinomas, 5% of endometrial carcinomas and 4% of colon and rectal carcinomas.

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